数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策

yansu1131

数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策

摘要：简要介绍了当今世界数控技术及装备发展的趋势及我国数控装备技术发展和产业化的现状，在此基础上讨论了在我国加入WTO和对外开放进一步深化的新环境下，发展我国数控技术及装备、提高我国制造业信息化水平和国际竞争能力的重要性，并从战略和策略两个层面提出了发展我国数控技术及装备的几点看法。

装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料，而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资，不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业，而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。总之，大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。
数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术，数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品，即所谓的数字化装备，其技术范围覆盖很多领域：(1)机械制造技术；(2)信息处理、加工、传输技术；(3)自动控制技术；(4)伺服驱动技术；(5)传感器技术；(6)软件技术等。

1 数控技术的发展趋势

数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，他对国计民生的一些重要行业（IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等）的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看，其主要研究热点有以下几个方面［1～4］。

1．1 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势
效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产品的质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会（CIRP）将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。
在轿车工业领域，年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆，而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域，其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋，刚度很差，材料为铝或铝合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下，才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装，使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。
从EMO2001展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min，甚至更高，空运行速度可达100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂，包括我国的上海通用汽车公司，已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach机床进给速度最大达60m/min，快速为100m/min，加速度达2g，主轴转速已达60 000r/min。加工一薄壁飞机零件，只用30min，而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h，在普通铣床加工需8h；德国DMG公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达12*!000r/mm和1g。
在加工精度方面，近10年来，普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm，精密级加工中心则从3～5μm，提高到1～1.5μm，并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级(0.01μm)。
在可靠性方面，国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6 000h以上，伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。
为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展，应用领域进一步扩大。
1.2 5轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展
采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削，不仅光洁度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为，1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床，特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时，5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因，其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍，加之编程技术难度较大，制约了5轴联动机床的发展。
当前由于电主轴的出现，使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化，其制造难度和成本大幅度降低，数控系统的价格差距缩小。因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床（含5面加工机床）的发展。
在EMO2001展会上，新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头，可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现，还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工。德国DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次装夹下5面加工和5轴联动加工，可由CNC系统控制或CAD/CAM直接或间接控制。
1.3 智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势
21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统，智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化，如加工过程的自适应控制，工艺参数自动生成；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等；还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等。
为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题。目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究，如美国的NGC(The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control)、欧共体的OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、日本的OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)，中国的ONC(Open Numerical Control System)等。数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路。所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终用户，通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象（数控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中，快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统，形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。
网络化数控装备是近两年国际著名机床博览会的一个新亮点。数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元。国内外一些著名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎马扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”（智能生产控制中心，简称CPC)；日本大隈（Okuma）机床公司展出“IT plaza”（信息技术广场，简称IT广场)；德国西门子(Siemens)公司展出的Open Manufacturing Environment（开放制造环境，简称OME）等，反映了数控机床加工向网络化方向发展的趋势。
1.4 重视新技术标准、规范的建立
1.4.1 关于数控系统设计开发规范
如前所述，开放式数控系统有更好的通用性、柔性、适应性、扩展性，美国、欧共体和日本等国纷纷实施战略发展计划，并进行开放式体系结构数控系统规范(OMAC、OSACA、OSEC)的研究和制定，世界3个最大的经济体在短期内进行了几乎相同的科学计划和规范的制定，预示了数控技术的一个新的变革时期的来临。我国在2000年也开始进行中国的ONC数控系统的规范框架的研究和制定。
1.4.2 关于数控标准
数控标准是制造业信息化发展的一种趋势。数控技术诞生后的50年间的信息交换都是基于ISO6983标准，即采用G，M代码描述如何（how）加工，其本质特征是面向加工过程，显然，他已越来越不能满足现代数控技术高速发展的需要。为此，国际上正在研究和制定一种新的CNC系统标准ISO14649（STEP－NC)，其目的是提供一种不依赖于具体系统的中性机制，能够描述产品整个生命周期内的统一数据模型，从而实现整个制造过程，乃至各个工业领域产品信息的标准化。
STEP-NC的出现可能是数控技术领域的一次革命，对于数控技术的发展乃至整个制造业，将产生深远的影响。首先，STEP-NC提出一种崭新的制造理念，传统的制造理念中，NC加工程序都集中在单个计算机上。而在新标准下，NC程序可以分散在互联网上，这正是数控技术开放式、网络化发展的方向。其次，STEP-NC数控系统还可大大减少加工图纸（约75％）、加工程序编制时间（约35％）和加工时间（约50％）。
目前，欧美国家非常重视STEP-NC的研究，欧洲发起了STEP-NC的IMS计划(1999.1.1～2001.12.31)。参加这项计划的有来自欧洲和日本的20个CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC用户、厂商和学术机构。美国的STEP Tools公司是全球范围内制造业数据交换软件的开发者，他已经开发了用作数控机床加工信息交换的超级模型(Super Model)，其目标是用统一的规范描述所有加工过程。目前这种新的数据交换格式已经在配备了SIEMENS、FIDIA以及欧洲OSACA-NC数控系统的原型样机上进行了验证。
2 对我国数控技术及其产业发展的基本估计
我国数控技术起步于1958年，近50年的发展历程大致可分为3个阶段：第一阶段从1958年到1979年，即封闭式发展阶段。在此阶段，由于国外的技术封锁和我国的基础条件的限制，数控技术的发展较为缓慢。第二阶段是在国家的“六五”、“七五”期间以及“八五”的前期，即引进技术，消化吸收，初步建立起国产化体系阶段。在此阶段，由于改革开放和国家的重视，以及研究开发环境和国际环境的改善，我国数控技术的研究、开发以及在产品的国产化方面都取得了长足的进步。第三阶段是在国家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期间，即实施产业化的研究，进入市场竞争阶段。在此阶段，我国国产数控装备的产业化取得了实质性进步。在“九五”末期，国产数控机床的国内市场占有率达50％，配国产数控系统（普及型）也达到了10％。
纵观我国数控技术近50年的发展历程，特别是经过4个5年计划的攻关，总体来看取得了以下成绩。
a.奠定了数控技术发展的基础，基本掌握了现代数控技术。我国现在已基本掌握了从数控系统、伺服驱动、数控主机、专机及其配套件的基础技术，其中大部分技术已具备进行商品化开发的基础，部分技术已商品化、产业化。
b.初步形成了数控产业基地。在攻关成果和部分技术商品化的基础上，建立了诸如华中数控、航天数控等具有批量生产能力的数控系统生产厂。兰州电机厂、华中数控等一批伺服系统和伺服电机生产厂以及北京第一机床厂、济南第一机床厂等若干数控主机生产厂。这些生产厂基本形成了我国的数控产业基地。
c.建立了一支数控研究、开发、管理人才的基本队伍。
虽然在数控技术的研究开发以及产业化方面取得了长足的进步，但我们也要清醒地认识到，我国高端数控技术的研究开发，尤其是在产业化方面的技术水平现状与我国的现实需求还有较大的差距。虽然从纵向看我国的发展速度很快，但横向比（与国外对比）不仅技术水平有差距，在某些方面发展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的数控装备的技术水平差距有扩大趋势。从国际上来看，对我国数控技术水平和产业化水平估计大致如下。
a.技术水平上，与国外先进水平大约落后10～15年，在高精尖技术方面则更大。
b.产业化水平上，市场占有率低，品种覆盖率小，还没有形成规模生产；功能部件专业化生产水平及成套能力较低；外观质量相对差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；国产数控系统尚未建立自己的品牌效应，用户信心不足。
c.可持续发展的能力上，对竞争前数控技术的研究开发、工程化能力较弱；数控技术应用领域拓展力度不强；相关标准规范的研究、制定滞后。
分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下几个方面。
a.认识方面。对国产数控产业进程艰巨性、复杂性和长期性的特点认识不足；对市场的不规范、国外的封锁加扼杀、体制等困难估计不足；对我国数控技术应用水平及能力分析不够。
b.体系方面。从技术的角度关注数控产业化问题的时候多，从系统的、产业链的角度综合考虑数控产业化问题的时候少；没有建立完整的高质量的配套体系、完善的培训、服务网络等支撑体系。
c.机制方面。不良机制造成人才流失，又制约了技术及技术路线创新、产品创新，且制约了规划的有效实施，往往规划理想，实施困难。
d.技术方面。企业在技术方面自主创新能力不强，核心技术的工程化能力不强。机床标准落后，水平较低，数控系统新标准研究不够。
3 对我国数控技术和产业化发展的战略思考
3.1 战略考虑
我国是制造大国，在世界产业转移中要尽量接受前端而不是后端的转移，即要掌握先进制造核心技术，否则在新一轮国际产业结构调整中，我国制造业将进一步“空芯”。我们以资源、环境、市场为代价，交换得到的可能仅仅是世界新经济格局中的国际“加工中心”和“组装中心”，而非掌握核心技术的制造中心的地位，这样将会严重影响我国现代制造业的发展进程。
我们应站在国家安全战略的高度来重视数控技术和产业问题，首先从社会安全看，因为制造业是我国就业人口最多的行业，制造业发展不仅可提高人民的生活水平，而且还可缓解我国就业的压力，保障社会的稳定；其次从国防安全看，西方发达国家把高精尖数控产品都列为国家的战略物质，对我国实现禁运和限制，“东芝事件”和“考克斯报告”就是最好的例证。
3.2 发展策略
从我国基本国情的角度出发，以国家的战略需求和国民经济的市场需求为导向，以提高我国制造装备业综合竞争能力和产业化水平为目标，用系统的方法，选择能够主导21世纪初期我国制造装备业发展升级的关键技术以及支持产业化发展的支撑技术、配套技术作为研究开发的内容，实现制造装备业的跨跃式发展。
强调市场需求为导向，即以数控终端产品为主，以整机（如量大面广的数控车床、铣床、高速高精高性能数控机床、典型数字化机械、重点行业关键设备等）带动数控产业的发展。重点解决数控系统和相关功能部件（数字化伺服系统与电机、高速电主轴系统和新型装备的附件等）的可靠性和生产规模问题。没有规模就不会有高可靠性的产品；没有规模就不会有价格低廉而富有竞争力的产品；当然，没有规模中国的数控装备最终难以有出头之日。
在高精尖装备研发方面，要强调产、学、研以及最终用户的紧密结合，以“做得出、用得上、卖得掉”为目标，按国家意志实施攻关，以解决国家之急需。
在竞争前数控技术方面，强调创新，强调研究开发具有自主知识产权的技术和产品，为我国数控产业、装备制造业乃至整个制造业的可持续发展奠定基础。


参考文献：
［1］ 中国机床工具工业协会 行业发展部.CIMT2001巡礼［J］.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(3)：18-20.
［2］ 梁训王宣 ,周延佑.机床技术发展的新动向［J］.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(3)：21-28.
［3］ 中国机床工具工业协会 数控系统分会.CIMT2001巡礼［J］.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(5)：13-17.
［4］ 杨学桐，李冬茹，何文立，等?距世纪数控机床技术发展战略研究［M］.北京：国家机械工业局，2000.





























Numerical control technology and equipment trends and countermeasures

Abstract: An introduction to numerical control technology and equipment in today's world development trends and China's numerical control equipment, technology development and industrialization of the status quo, on the basis discussed in China's accession to WTO and opening up to further deepen the new environment, the development of China's numerical control technology and equipment to raise the level of information on China's manufacturing industry and the international competitiveness of the importance of strategy and tactics from the two dimensions of the development of NC technology and equipment, a few observations.

The equipment industry's technical level and degree of modernization of the entire national economy determines the level and degree of modernization, numerical control technology and equipment is the development of new high-tech industry and cutting-edge industries (such as information technology and its industry, biotechnology and its industry, aviation, aerospace, etc. defense industry industries) enabling technology and basic equipment. Marx once said, "the difference between the various economic era, is not what is produced, but rather how to produce, what the production of labor." Manufacturing technology and equipment is the most basic of human means of production activities, while the numerical control technology is today's most advanced manufacturing technology and equipment, the core technology. Widely adopted by nations in the world manufacturing numerical control technology to improve manufacturing capacity and level, to improve the dynamic changing market adaptability and competitiveness. In addition, all industrial countries in the world and CNC numerical control technology and equipment will also be listed as a national strategic goods, not only to take significant steps to develop its own CNC technology and its industry, but also in the "sophisticated" numerical key technologies and equipment to China imposition of closures and restrictions. In short, the vigorous development of numerical control technology as the core of advanced manufacturing technology has become the world's developed countries to accelerate economic development, enhance overall national strength and an important way to statehood.
CNC technology is to use digital information on the mechanical movement and the work process control technology, CNC numerical control technology and equipment is represented by new technologies on traditional manufacturing industries and the penetration of the formation of new manufacturing electromechanical integrated product, so-called digital equipment , and its technology, covering many areas: (1) Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2) information processing, processing and transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo drive technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology.

A numerical control technology development trend

The application of CNC technology to traditional manufacturing industry is not only a revolutionary change in the manufacturing industry to become a symbol of industrialization, and with the numerical control technology, continuous development and expansion of application fields, his people's livelihood of some important industries (IT, automotive , light industry, medical, etc.) playing an increasingly important role in the development, because these industries have been required for the digital equipment is a major trend of modern development. CNC technology from the world's development trend and its equipment, its main research focus in the following areas [1 ~ 4].

1.1 high-speed, high-finishing new trends in technology and equipment
Efficiency, quality is the main body of advanced manufacturing technology. High-speed, high-finishing technology can greatly improve efficiency, improve product quality and grades, and shorten the production cycle and improve market competitiveness. To this end, Japan will study advanced technologies listed it as one of five major modern manufacturing technology, the International Institute of Production Engineering (CIRP) be identified as the 21st century, one of the central research directions.
In the car industry, the production of an annual output of 300,000 beat is 40 seconds / vehicle, and most varieties of processing is a car equipped with one of the key issues that must be addressed; in aviation and aerospace industry, its processing parts are mostly thin-walled and thin bars, stiffness is poor, aluminum or aluminum alloy material, and only at high cutting speed and cutting force in the case of a small can of these ribs, the wall processing. Recently, large single piece aluminum alloy billets, "hollowed out" approach to create the wings, fuselage and other large parts to replace multiple components through a large number of rivets, screws and other connecting means assembly, so that components of the strength, stiffness and reliability提高. These are made of processing equipment, high speed, high precision and high flexibility requirements.
From the EMO2001 exhibition point of view, high-speed machining center feed speed up to 80m/min, or even higher, and air speed up to 100m/min or so. At present many of the world automobile plant, including China's Shanghai General Motors, have adopted a high-speed machining center product line consisting of some combination of machine tool alternatives. U.S. CINCINNATI companies HyperMach machine feed rate of up to 60m/min, quick to 100m/min, acceleration up to 2g, spindle speed has reached 60 000r/min. Processing of a thin-walled aircraft parts, only 30min, whereas the same high-speed milling machine parts in general need to 3h, in the general milling required to 8h; German DMG company's dual-spindle lathe spindle speed and acceleration respectively 12 *! 000r/mm and 1g.
In the processing precision, the past 10 years, the general level of processing precision CNC machine tools from 10μm to 5μm, Precision machining centers from the 3 ~ 5μm, up to 1 ~ 1.5μm, and the ultra-precision machining accuracy has begun to enter the nano-scale (0.01μm).
In terms of reliability, the MTBF value of foreign NC device has reached more than 6 000h, servo system MTBF value reached more than 30000h, showing a very high reliability.
In order to achieve high speed, high precision work, with supporting features such as spindle motor, linear motor has been rapid development of applications further.



1.2 5-axis simultaneous machining and rapid development of complex machine tools
5-axis machining of three-dimensional curved surface parts can be used the best tool for cutting geometry, not only finish high, but efficiency is greatly improved. Is generally believed that, 1 5-axis machine tools can equal the efficiency of 2 sets of 3-axis machine tools, particularly the use of cubic boron nitride and other superhard materials, high-speed milling cutter hardened steel components, 5-axis simultaneous machining comparable three-axis process giving a higher efficiency. But in the past due to 5-axis numerical control system, host complex structure and other reasons, its price than the 3-axis CNC machine tools are several times higher, plus the programming more difficult, limiting the development of five-axis machine tools.
Present, due to the emergence of spindle, allowing to achieve 5-axis simultaneous machining of composite spindle head structure greatly simplified and its manufacturing difficulties and costs significantly reduced, narrowing the gap between the price of CNC system. Therefore, the promotion of the composite spindle head type five-axis machine tools and complex machining machine tools (including the 5-sided machining, machine tools) development.
The EMO2001 show, the New Japan Engineering Machine 5-face machining of composite spindle head can be realized four vertical plane of the processing and the processing of any angle, making 5-sided machining and 5-axis machining can be implemented on the same machine, but also can be realized inclined surface and inverted cone-hole processing. German DMG's display DMUVoution series of machining centers can be under 5 in a clamping surface processing and 5-axis simultaneous machining, CNC system can be controlled or CAD / CAM, directly or indirectly controlled.

1.3 intelligent, open, network-based development of contemporary numerical control system the main trends
CNC equipment in the 21st century will be a certain intelligent systems, intelligent content included in the numerical control system in all areas: the pursuit of processing efficiency and processing quality of the intelligence, such as the adaptive control process, process parameters automatically generation; To improve drive performance and the use of intelligent and convenient connections, such as feedforward control, the electrical parameters of the adaptive computing, automatic identification of the load is automatically selected model, self-tuning, etc.; to simplify programming and streamline operational aspects of intelligence, such as smart Auto-oriented programming, intelligent man-machine interface, etc.; there are intelligent diagnosis, intelligent control aspects, to facilitate the system diagnosis and maintenance.
To address the traditional closed and CNC numerical control system application software industrial production problems. At present, many countries in open-architecture CNC system for research, such as the United States, NGC (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), the EC OSACA (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), Japan, OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller), China's ONC (Open Numerical Control System) and so on. Open CNC system has become a numerical control system of the future path. The so-called open-architecture CNC system is the development of numerical control system can be run in a unified platform for machine tool manufacturers and end users, by changing, adding or cutting the structure object (numerical control function), the formation of serialization, and can be easily user's for special applications and technical know-how into the control system, quick realization of different varieties and different grades of open CNC system, to form a distinctive brand personality. Currently open CNC system architecture specification, communication specifications, configuration specifications, operating platform, CNC system function library and function of numerical control system software development tools is the core of current research.
NC network equipment is well-known international machine tool fair the past two years a new bright spot. NC network equipment will greatly satisfy the production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing information integration needs of enterprises, but also to achieve new manufacturing paradigms such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprises, global manufacturing base unit. Some well-known at home and abroad CNC machine tools and CNC manufacturing companies are launched in the last two years, the related new concepts and prototypes, such as EMO2001 exhibition, Japan Yamazaki Mazak (Mazak)'s exhibition "CyberProduction Center" (Intelligent Production Control Center, referred to as CPC); Japan OKUMA (Okuma) machine tool exhibition "IT plaza" (Information Technology Square, referred to as IT Plaza); Germany's Siemens (Siemens) the company exhibited Open Manufacturing Environment (open manufacturing environment, referred to as OME), etc. , reflecting the NC machine to the network in the direction of the trend.

1.4 emphasis on new technology standards and specifications to establish

1.4.1 With regard to numerical control system design and development of specifications
As mentioned earlier, open architecture CNC system with better versatility, flexibility, adaptability, scalability, United States, the European Community and Japan and other countries have to implement the strategic development plan and an open architecture CNC system specifications (OMAC , OSACA, OSEC) research and development, the world's three largest economies in the short term were almost the same scientific plans and specifications, numerical control technology foreshadowed a new era of change to come. China has also started in 2000, China's regulatory framework ONC numerical control system research and development.



1.4.2 With regard to numerical standards
NC standard is the development of information technology industry a trend. Numerical control technology 50 years after the birth of the exchange of information are based on the ISO6983 standard, which adopts the G, M code that describes how (how) processing, is characterized by its very nature-oriented process, obviously, he has become increasingly unable to meet the modern CNC Technology high-speed development. To this end, the international community is studying and developing a new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC), whose purpose is to provide a specific system does not depend on the neutral mechanism capable of describing products throughout their life cycle, a unified data model in order to achieve the entire manufacturing process, as well as various industry standardization of product information.
The emergence of STEP-NC could be a revolution in the field of numerical control technology for the development of numerical control technology and the whole manufacturing industry, will have far-reaching impact. First of all, STEP-NC propose a new manufacturing philosophy, the traditional manufacturing philosophy, NC machining program focused on a single computer. Under the new standard in, NC programs can be distributed on the Internet, this is an open numerical control technology and network development. Secondly, STEP-NC CNC system can significantly reduce the processing of drawings (about 75%), processing, programming time (about 35%) and processing time (about 50%).
At present, the European and American countries attach great importance to STEP-NC research, the European launch of the STEP-NC of the IMS Program (1999.1.1 ~ 2001.12.31). Participating in this project are from Europe and Japan, 20 CAD / CAM / CAPP / CNC users, vendors and academic institutions. The United States, STEP Tools is a global exchange of data within the software development industry, he has developed for CNC machining the exchange of information super model (Super Model), whose goal is to use a unified description of all the process specifications. At present this new data exchange format has been equipped with SIEMENS, FIDIA and the European OSACA-NC NC system is verified on the prototype.

2 pairs of CNC technology and its industrial development of China's basic estimate

Numerical control technology in China started in 1958, nearly 50 years of development history can be divided into three stages: the first stage, from 1958 to 1979, that is, closed-end stage of development. At this stage, foreign technology due to the blockade and restrictions on China's basic conditions, numerical control technology development is relatively slow. The second stage is the country's "65", "Seventh Five-Year" period and "85" in front, that is, the introduction of technology, digestion and absorption of the initial set up phase of the localization system. At this stage, as the reform and opening up and national attention, and research and development to improve the environment and the international environment, China's numerical control technology research, development and localization of the product have made considerable progress. The third stage is the country's "85," the late and the "Ninth Five Year Plan" period, that is, the implementation of the industrialization of research into the market competition stage. At this stage, China's domestic CNC equipment has made substantial progress in industrialization. In the "95" end of the domestic-made CNC machine tools market share of 50%, with domestic CNC system (universal type) also reached 10%.  
Throughout nearly 50 years of China's CNC technology development process, especially through four five-year plan of research, the overall look achieved the following results.
a. laid the foundation for the development of numerical control technology, basic grasp of modern CNC technology. Our country is now basically understood from the NC system, servo drives, CNC host, plane and its component parts to basic technology, most of which technology has been available for commercial development foundation, part of the technology has been the commercialization and industrialization.
b. initially formed a CNC industrial base. In the commercialization of research results and some of the techniques, based on the established, such as central NC, aerospace CNC CNC system has the ability to mass production plant. Lanzhou Electric Factory, a group of Huazhong CNC servo systems and servo motor manufacturing plant and the Beijing No. 1 Machine Tool Plant, Jinan first machine tool factory hosts a number of CNC manufacturing facility. The plant basically formed the NC industrial base of China.
c. establishment of a numerical control research, development, management personnel and the basic team.
Although the numerical control technology research and development and industrialization has made great progress, but we must also soberly aware that China's high-end numerical control technology research and development, especially in the industrialization of the technological level of the status quo with China's practical needs there is a large gap. Although longitudinal look at China's growing so rapidly, but the horizontal ratio (compared with foreign countries) not only technical level there are gaps in some areas there is disparity between the pace of development that a number of sophisticated CNC equipment, to expand the gap between the technological level of the trend. From an international point of view, China's numerical control technology and industrialization level is estimated as follows.
a. technical level, and behind the advanced level of about 10 to 15 years, and even more sophisticated technology.
b. the level of industrialization, the market share of low-species coverage of small-scale production has not yet formed; functional components and the complete set of professional level of production capacity to low; appearance quality is relatively poor; reliability is not high, lack of commercialization; domestic CNC system has not yet set up their own brand, the user's lack of confidence.


c. capacity for sustainable development, the right pre-competitive research and development of numerical control technology, engineering capabilities weak; CNC technology applications to expand the intensity is not strong; the relevant standard specification research, development lagged.
Analysis of the main reasons for this gap exists in the following areas.
a. awareness. Arduous process of home-made CNC industry, complexity, and inadequate understanding of the characteristics of long-term nature; on the market are not standardized, foreign stifling blockade increases, institutional difficulties such as underestimation; on China's CNC technology level and capability analysis is not enough.
b. system aspects. From a technical point of view concerns the issue when the NC industry more, from the systematic and comprehensive consideration the perspective of industry chain of the issue when the NC industry less; failed to establish a complete high-quality supporting system, comprehensive training, services, network support system .
c. mechanisms. The brain drain caused by bad system, but also restricted the line of innovation in technology and technology, product innovation, and constrained the effective implementation of the planning, often planning vision, implementation difficulties.
d. technology. Enterprises in the technology capability of independent innovation is not strong, the core technology, engineering capability is not strong. Standard machine backward, low levels of the new standard for CNC system is not enough.
3 pairs of numerical control technology and industrialization of China's development of strategic thinking

3.1 Strategic considerations
China is a manufacturing country in the world industry transfer front, we should try to accept the transfer, rather than the back-end, that is to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial restructuring, China's manufacturing industry will be further "empty core." We are a resource, the environment, the market price, the exchange may only be the world's new economic pattern in the international "processing center" and "assembly center" rather than to master the core technology manufacturing center, as this would seriously affect our of modern manufacturing process of development.
We should stand on national security strategy of the height issue of great importance to numerical control technology and industry, starting with the social security perspective, because the manufacturing sector is the largest sector of China's working population, the manufacturing industry can not only improve people's standard of living, but also to ease my employment pressure, protect social stability; Second, from the national security perspective, the Western developed countries have sophisticated numerical control products are classified as national strategic material, the embargo and restrictions on China's achievement, "Toshiba incident" and the "Cox Report "is the best example.

3.2 Development Strategy
From the perspective of China's basic national conditions, to the country's strategic needs and the national economy, market demand-oriented, in order to enhance China's comprehensive competitiveness of manufacturing equipment industry and the industry level as a target, using a systematic approach, choose to lead the early 21st century in China manufacturing equipment industry in the development of key technology upgrades and support for industrial development of the supporting technology, and the supporting technology as the content of research and development to achieve manufacturing equipment industry, leap-forward development.
Stressed that the market demand-oriented, that is, NC-based end products in order to machine (such as TV towers, CNC lathes, milling machines, high-speed high-precision high-performance CNC machine tools, a typical digital machinery, key industries, key equipment, etc.) led NC industry development. Focused on solving the numerical control system and related features (digital servo systems and motors, high-speed electric spindle system and new equipment, accessories, etc.) the reliability and scale of production problems. There is no scale there would be no high-reliability products; there is no scale there would be no affordable and competitive products;, of course, there is no ultimate scale of China's CNC equipment, we can have the light of day.
R & D in high-tech equipment, with emphasis on production, learning and research, as well as the close combination of end-users in order to "do come, apply, sell out" as the goal, according to the national will to implement research to address the urgent needs of the country .
In the pre-competitive CNC technology, emphasis on innovation, emphasizing research and development of proprietary technologies and products for China CNC industry, equipment manufacturing and the whole lay the foundation for the sustainable development of the manufacturing sector.


References:
[1] China Machine Tool Industry Association Industry Development Division. CIMT2001 Festival [J]. The world's manufacturing technology and equipment market, 2001 (3) :18-20.
[2] Liang Xun WANG Xuan, Zhou Yan Yu. Machine Tool Technology Development of the new developments [J]. The world's manufacturing technology and equipment market, 2001 (3) :21-28.
[3] China CNC Machine Tool Industry Association chapter. CIMT2001 Festival [J]. The world's manufacturing technology and equipment market, 2001 (5) :13-17.
[4] Yang Xue Tong, Lidong Ru, Wen-li, et al ? CNC machine tool technology from the first century development strategy research [M]. Beijing: State Administration of Machinery Industry Bureau, 2000.
Transferred out of the outlet there is no air-conditioning, indicating refrigerant full light leakage observed oiling hole glass mirror spot is the lubricant.

apoll.xi

g o o d .